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List of Figures

1.1 Physicists of electromagnetic theory
1.2 Early wireless inventors and visionaries
1.3 TV white spaces
1.4 U-NII band
1.5 Cellular band plan
1.6 PCS band plan
1.7 AWS band plan
1.8 New 600 MHz band plan
1.9 New 700 MHz band plan
1.10 New BRS and EBS band plan
2.1 Frequency reuse patterns K =3, 4, and 7
2.2 Digital modulations: BPSQ, QPSK, 16-64QAM
2.3 Convolutional coding
2.4 Turbo coding
2.5 cdmaOne and wideband CDMA frequency channels
3.1 Spherical free-space propagation.
3.2 2-ray model geometry
3.3 Free-space and two-ray propagation models.
3.4 Vertical polarization ground reflection coefficient.
3.5 Horizontal polarization ground reflection coefficient.
3.6 Six- and ten-ray model geometry.
3.7 Ray tracing plots with increasing number of rays.
3.8 Ray tracing geometry for street corridor.
3.9 Ray tracing power levels down a street.
3.10 Ray tracing impinging on home walls.
3.11 Angles of incidence illuminating homes in an urban corridor.
3.12 Street orientation in COST-231 Walfish-Ikegami model.
3.13 Tree foliage attenuation model summary
3.14 COST-231 indoor penetration loss model.
3.15 Penetration loss into residential buildings.
3.16 In-building loss for residential buildings.
3.17 In-building loss for urban buildings.
4.1 Large-scale shadowing and fade margin
4.2 CDMA reverse link budget (1.9 GHz)
4.3 CDMA forward link budget (1.9 GHz)
4.4 Reverse link budget for fixed WiMAX (3.5 GHz).
4.5 Reverse link budget for unlicensed fixed WiMAX (5.8 GHz).
4.6 Summary of small-scale parameters.
4.7 Dropped call rate distribution
4.8 Small scale correlation
4.9 Autocorrelation and spectral density
4.10 Clarke model spectrum density
4.11 Doppler geometry for LEO satellites.
5.1 LMDS band plan
5.2 Fresnel zone geometry
5.3 Huygens equivalent point sources
5.4 Fresnel zone diffraction gain / loss
5.5 Fresnel zone knife edge vs. smooth attenuation
5.6 Atmospheric density varies with elevation
5.7 Atmospheric attenuation at different frequencies
5.8 Crane rain regions for North America
5.9 ITU-R rain regions for North America
5.10 Typical microwave reach
6.1 Colocation on one pole or on several poles on one property
6.2 Different cell site types
6.3 GPS satellite constellation
6.4 Spectrum of ionizing and non ionizing radiations
6.5 FCC Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE).
7.1 Hadamard matrices and Walsh codes
7.2 IS-95 reverse link use of Walsh codes.
7.3 CDMA coding example.
7.4 Forward-Link Pilot, Paging, Synch, and Traffic Channel
7.5 Forward-Link I and Q Transmission
7.6 Access channel
7.7 Access attempts on the IS-95 access channel
7.8 Reverse-Link Traffic Channel Rate Set 1.
7.9 CDMA handoff parameters
7.10 IS-95 and IS-2000 handoff sets.
7.11 CDMA IS-95B handoff parameters
7.12 IS-95 forward-link power control
7.13 IS-95 reverse-link power control
7.14 EVDO forward-link compared to cdmaOne forward-link
7.15 CDMA coding example.
7.16 CDMA coding example.
8.1 Duality time-frequency.
8.2 Orthogonal carrier spacing.
8.3 OFDM subcarrier spacing.
8.4 OFDM guard, cyclic prefix, windowing
8.5 LTE physical layer - time and frequency
8.6 LTE OFDMA physical layer structure
8.7 LTE resource blocks and resource elements
8.8 PAPR comparison for OFDMA and SC-FDMA
8.9 LTE control overhead
8.10 Wireless standards and parameter comparison table.
9.1 MIMO channel.
9.2 MIMO system overview.
9.3 Alamouti preconditioning.
9.4 Alamouti Space-Time Coding (STC).
9.5 MIMO condition number.
9.6 Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD).
9.7 Space-Frequency Transmit Diversity (SFTD).
10.1 Wi-Fi throughput measured in lab.
10.2 Wi-Fi access points in a Longmont residential area.
10.3 Wi-Fi Received Signal Strength Indicator.
10.4 Wi-Fi empirical path loss and comparison to models.
10.5 Throughput in SUI fading models.
10.6 Fade emulator setup between base and several clients.
10.7 Empirical path loss and comparison to models.
10.8 Throughput as a function of distance.
10.9 Throughput variations with foliage.
10.10 Throughput distribution comparison at 5.8 GHz.
11.1 SS7 Signaling Network.
11.2 SS7 Signaling during handoff.
11.3 IS-41 Network Reference Architecture.
11.4 LTE enhanced packet core elements and interfaces.
11.5 IS-801 Location-based services and E911.
11.6 Location Based Services refinements.
11.7 Femtocell.

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